Exploration of differences in vertical jump performance between typically developing children and those identified with DCD: A kinematic and kinetic analysis

Thesis


Williams, Morgan. (2008). Exploration of differences in vertical jump performance between typically developing children and those identified with DCD: A kinematic and kinetic analysis [Thesis]. https://doi.org/10.4226/66/5a95e2f4c67fa
AuthorsWilliams, Morgan
Qualification nameDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
Abstract

This study compared the motor performance of children identified with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) with those of a matched group categorised as typically developing (TD). Based on the existing literature, vertical jumping was the task selected as it is a fundamental movement skill (Gallahue & Ozmun, 2002), and a single optimal coordination pattern has been shown to exist (e.g., Bobbert & van Ingen Schenau, 1998).Within the conceptual framework developed for this enquiry, jump height, the performance outcome, was the highest level variable. Level 2 variables described the centre of mass displacement at key instants during the jumping movement. Level 3 variables identified measures of velocity, force and power, which underpin the movement, and level 4 variables described the countermovement specific to this task. This provided a more thorough analysis than previously reported in DCD literature for jumping. The objective of this study was to identify possible mechanisms of DCD in order to advance the understanding of this impairment. A cross-sectional sample (n = 165) of males and females aged between 5 and 12 years was drawn from a school in Victoria, Australia. Using the Movement-Assessment Battery for Children (M-ABC), 62 children from the sample were identified as having DCD with total impairment scores below the 15th percentile for their age-band (Henderson & Sugden, 1992). From the remaining children assessed, who all scored above the 15th percentile, 62 were matched with the DCD group to form the TD group (n= 62). Participants performed three maximal vertical jumps, standing on a single forceplate. Each child's best vertical jump was analysed using forceplate (700 Hz) and 2D sagittal kinematic data from a single camera video (50 Hz) capture. The results confirmed previous findings that DCD children jump lower than their TD peers, although there was a considerable overlap in motor ability between the groups.;Peak VCOM occurred earlier in the jumping movement in the DCD group, when compared to the TD group. This meant a longer elapsed time from the instant of peak VCOM to take-off, which was attributed to coordination error. The earlier occurrence of peak VCOM in the DCD group could be explained by the lower shank angular velocity at take-off. In addition, the DCD group produced lower jump impulse and peak power. Further probing of the jump height data revealed an interesting relationship between age band and jump height that was gender specific. It was noted that for the DCD males, less than 1% of the variance found in jump height could be accounted for by age-band. In contrast, the explained variance for jump height by age-band was 24% for the TD males. The females showed similar relationships for jump height and age-band in both groups. It was thought that this may reflect physical activity avoidance caused by greater social pressures on boys to be good at sports (e.g., Parker & Larkin, 2003). In addition, a further analysis of the DCD group data was undertaken to compare those who had difficulties in dynamic balance and those who did not. In this analysis, body mass was found to have a significant effect on leg stiffness (Kleg), and when accounted for as a covariate, greater Kleg in the DCD group with dynamic balance difficulties was found. A possible explanation is that for the DCD group with dynamic balance difficulties, the transition from joint flexion to extension during the countermovement was problematic, and resulted in excessive muscle co-activation. This study provides some possible directions for further investigations into coordination issues for DCD children. The time elapsed from peak VCOM to take-off and the shank angular velocities at take-off were identified as key indicators of a poorly coordinated jump.;High levels of Kleg reflected difficulties in the transition from joint flexion to extension during the countermovement in those DCD children with dynamic balance problems. Based on these key variables and others that differentiated between groups a more parsimonious conceptual framework is presented. For future enquiry, a more holistic approach for the study of children with such impairments is recommended. This includes exploring the environment these children are exposed to in order to gain a more thorough understanding of practice and learning effects. Understanding of differences in motor ability requires an expanded framework to include information on genetic and socio-cultural factors, and their impact upon important psychology, physical fitness, nutrition, body composition and physical activity parameters.

KeywordsChildren with disabilities -- Development; Motor ability in children; Movement disorders in children
Year2008
PublisherAustralian Catholic University
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.4226/66/5a95e2f4c67fa
Research GroupSports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre
Final version
Publication dates01 Jun 2008
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Opar, David A., Williams, Morgan D. and Shield, Anthony J. (2012). Hamstring strain injuries : Factors that lead to injury and re-injury. Sports Medicine. 42(3), pp. 209-226. https://doi.org/10.2165/11594800-000000000-00000
Reduction of post-surgical pericardial adhesions using a pig model
Alizzi, Ali M., Summers, Phillip, Boon, Virginia H., Tantiongco, John-Paul, Thompson, Teresa, Leslie, Belinda J., Williams, David, Steele, Michael Craig, Bidstrup, Benjamin P. and Diqer, Al-Mutazz A.. (2012). Reduction of post-surgical pericardial adhesions using a pig model. Heart, Lung and Circulation. 21(1), pp. 22 - 29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlc.2011.10.002
Using three-dimensional kinematics to identify feedback for the snatch :A case study
Ho, Kuok Wai, Williams, Morgan, Wilson, Cameron and Meehan, Daniel. (2011). Using three-dimensional kinematics to identify feedback for the snatch :A case study. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 25(10), pp. 2773 - 2780. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31820f500e
Efficacy of a whole-body vibration intervention on functional performance of community-dwelling older adults
Furness, Trentham, Maschette, Wayne, Lorenzen, Christian, Naughton, Geraldine and Williams, Morgan. (2010). Efficacy of a whole-body vibration intervention on functional performance of community-dwelling older adults. Journal of Alternative & Complementary Medicine. 16(7), pp. 795 - 797. https://doi.org/10.1089/acm.2009.0366
Whole body vibration for preventing and treating osteoporosis (protocol)
Lorenzen, Christian, Naughton, Geraldine, Cameron, Lainie, Williams, Morgan and Greene, David. (2010). Whole body vibration for preventing and treating osteoporosis (protocol). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews.
Acute effects of strength training on running economy
Ho, Kuok Wai, Williams, Morgan D., Wilson, Cameron J., Lorenzen, Hans Christian, Meehan, Daniel L. and Joseph, Corey W.. (2010). Acute effects of strength training on running economy. 28th Conference of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports. USA: International Society of Biomechanics. pp. 551 - 554
Breaking the vicious cycle of activity avoidance in an adolescent boy diagnosed with DCD and mild Asperberger's disorder
Aumand, Elizabeth, Williams, Morgan, Wilson, Cameron and Saunders, John. (2010). Breaking the vicious cycle of activity avoidance in an adolescent boy diagnosed with DCD and mild Asperberger's disorder. 4th Exercise and Sports Science Australia Conference 2010 : Research to practice : Science and nutrition in exercise and sport. Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia 09 - 11 Apr 2010 Red Hill, Queensland: Exercise and Sports Science Australia. pp. 64-64
Analysis of player workloads for defensive outlets at the Champion's Trophy International Field Hockey
Morgan, Stuart and Williams, Morgan. (2010). Analysis of player workloads for defensive outlets at the Champion's Trophy International Field Hockey. 15th Annual Congress of the ECSS (European College of Sports Science). Antalya, Turkey 23 - 26 Jun 2010
Relationship between velocity reached at VO2max and time-trial performances in elite australian rules footballers
Lorenzen, Christian Hans, Williams, Morgan D., Turk, Paul S., Meehan, Daniel Lawrence and Cicioni-Kolsky, Daniel James. (2009). Relationship between velocity reached at VO2max and time-trial performances in elite australian rules footballers. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 4(3), pp. 408 - 411. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.4.3.408
Stabilising the hip and pelvis during running: Is there an explosive solution for uninjured athletes?
Meehan, Daniel Lawrence, Williams, Morgan David, Wilson, Cameron John and Bradshaw, Elizabeth Jane. (2009). Stabilising the hip and pelvis during running: Is there an explosive solution for uninjured athletes? 27th International Conference on Biomechanics; in Sports. Castleroy, Limerick, Ireland: University of Limerick. pp. 390 - 393
Reliability of the Ekblom Soccer-Specific Endurance Test
Williams, Morgan D., Wiltshire, Huw D., Lorenzen, Christian Hans, Wilson, Cameron J., Meehan, Daniel Lawrence and Cicioni-Kolsky, Daniel James. (2009). Reliability of the Ekblom Soccer-Specific Endurance Test. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 23(5), pp. 1378 - 1382. https://doi.org/10.1519/JSC.0b013e31819f1e6c
Horizontal positioning error derived from stationary GPS units: A function of time and proximity to building infrastructure
Williams, Morgan and Morgan, Stuart. (2009). Horizontal positioning error derived from stationary GPS units: A function of time and proximity to building infrastructure. International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport. 9(2), pp. 275 - 280.
Laterality and its effect on lower extremity musculoskeletal stiffness in male soccer players and track runners
Williams, Morgan David, Bradshaw, Elizabeth Jane and Joseph, Corey W.. (2007). Laterality and its effect on lower extremity musculoskeletal stiffness in male soccer players and track runners. In Hans-Joachim Menzel and Mauro Heleno Chagas (Ed.). XXV International Symposium on Biomechanics; in Sports. Segrac,Brazil: Department of Sports, Federal University of Minas Gerais. pp. 613 - 617
Measurement agreement (repeatability) for a countermovement jump protocol using a portable forceplate
Williams, Morgan, Bradshaw, Elizabeth and Maschette, Wayne. (2007). Measurement agreement (repeatability) for a countermovement jump protocol using a portable forceplate. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2(4), pp. 445 - 448. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijspp.2.4.445
Differences in vertical jump performance for typically developing compared to those identified with DC
Maschette, Wayne and Williams, Morgan David. (2007). Differences in vertical jump performance for typically developing compared to those identified with DC. 2nd Australian Association for Exercise and Sports Science Conference.
Evaluating strength qualities of athletes using relationships between jump protocols
Williams, Morgan David, Joseph, Corey W. and Bradshaw, Elizabeth Jane. (2007). Evaluating strength qualities of athletes using relationships between jump protocols. In Hans-Joachim Menzel and Mauro Heleno Chagas (Ed.). Federal University of the State of Minas Gerais in Belo Horizonte, Ouro Preto, Brazil. Segrac,Brazil: Department of Sports, Federal University of Minas Gerais. pp. 474 - 477
Novel insights on lower limb musculoskeletal health and performance in pre-adolescent and adolescent gymnasts
Bradshaw, Elizabeth Jane, Lorenzen, Hans Christian, Williams, Morgan David and Le Rossignol, Peter Freeman. (2006). Novel insights on lower limb musculoskeletal health and performance in pre-adolescent and adolescent gymnasts. In M Schwaneder, G Strutzenberger and Sastenbauer et al (Ed.). XXI International Conference on Biomechanics; in Sport. Salzburg, Austria: University of Salzburg. pp. 413 - 417
Timing error by children identified with DCD leads to inefficient jump performance
Williams, Morgan David, Lythgo, Noel Desmond and Maschette, Wayne Edward. (2006). Timing error by children identified with DCD leads to inefficient jump performance. In M Schwaneder, G Strutzenberger and Sastenbauer et al (Ed.). XXIV International Symposium on Biomechanics; in Sports. Salzburg, Austria: University of Salzburg. pp. 54 - 57